The correct answer is Option 2 In News • The Union Government introduced the SHANTI Bill, 2025 in the Lok Sabha to overhaul India’s civil nuclear energy laws and allow private and joint venture participation in nuclear power generation for the first time since Independence. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • The SHANTI Bill repeals the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, creating a unified legal framework for civil nuclear energy. Hence, Option 2 is correct. • It allows private and foreign participation while retaining state control over sensitive domains such as nuclear fuel, heavy water, and waste management. Hence, other options are incorrect. Related Concepts: • The Bill grants statutory status to the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), enhancing regulatory independence and parliamentary accountability. • It removes supplier liability and caps operator liability to align India with international nuclear liability conventions, boosting investor confidence. • The Bill supports deployment of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), aiding India’s clean energy transition and long-term energy security.