The correct answer is 2) Only (a) and (b). Explanation & Key Takeaways: • All India Services: This refers to services like the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Forest Service (IFS), which operate across the country and are under dual control of the Union and State governments. These services are a unitary feature of the Constitution as they strengthen the central authority over state governance. Hence, statement (a) is not a federal feature. • Single Judiciary: India follows a unified judiciary system, with the Supreme Court at the apex, followed by High Courts and subordinate courts, which ensures uniformity in the interpretation of laws. This is a unitary feature as it centralizes judicial authority. Hence, statement (b) is not a federal feature. • Independent Judiciary: The judiciary in India is independent, impartial, and empowered to resolve disputes between the Centre and the States. It is a federal feature as it upholds the principle of checks and balances between different levels of government. Hence, statement (c) is a federal feature. • Division of Powers: The Indian Constitution divides powers between the Union and State governments through three lists – Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. This is a hallmark of federalism, as it ensures decentralized governance. Hence, statement (d) is a federal feature. • Hence, the correct answer is 2) Only (a) and (b). Related Concepts: • Federal Features of the Indian Constitution: • Division of Powers: The Constitution provides for a clear demarcation of powers between the Union and State governments through the Seventh Schedule. • Independent Judiciary: The judiciary plays a critical role in maintaining the federal structure by resolving disputes between the Centre and States. • Supremacy of the Constitution: Both the Union and State governments derive their powers from the Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land. • Unitary Features of the Indian Constitution: • Single Citizenship: Unlike other federations, India provides for a single citizenship, emphasizing unity. • All India Services: These services ensure uniformity in administration across the country, strengthening central control. • Emergency Provisions: During national emergencies, the federal structure can transform into a unitary system as the Centre assumes greater powers. Important Notes: • Key Articles in the Constitution: • Article 246: Defines the division of legislative powers between the Union and States. • Article 368: Empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution, including federal provisions. • Article 352: Allows the Centre to assume greater powers during a national emergency, highlighting the unitary nature.