The correct answer is a and b. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • In five year plans from 1951 to 2011: • First, five-year plan 1951 to 1956 to Eleventh five year plan from 2007 to 2012. • Food production increased fourfold, diversified industrial growth took place. • Import substitution, diversified export promotion, and science and technical educational expansion took place. • Hence a and b are true. • Poverty and unemployment ratio not reduced. • The target of reduction in the concentration of economic power, decentralization of income, and wealth took place was not achieved. • As per data from the Multi-dimensional poverty index India ranks 102 out of 117 countries • As per data from the Oxfam report, India's richest 1 percent hold more than 70 percent of the country's population. • Hence c and d are not true. Important Notes: • The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused on the development of the primary sector. • The Second Five-year Plan focused on the development of the public sector and "rapid Industrialisation". • The Third Five-year Plan stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat. • The Fourth Five-year Plan: government nationalized 14 major Indian banks • The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on employment, poverty alleviation (Garibi Hatao), and justice. • The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalization • The Seventh Five-Year Plan was to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice". • The Eighth Five-Year Plan Modernization of industries and New Economy Policy. • The Ninth Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. • The Tenth Five Year Plan • Reduction of poverty rate by 5% by 2007. • Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force. • Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007. • The Eleventh Five Year Plan • Rapid and inclusive growth (poverty reduction). • Emphasis on the social sector and delivery of service therein. • Empowerment through education and skill development. • Reduction of gender inequality. • Environmental sustainability.