The correct answer is Aurangzeb. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • The 'Jizya' tax was a poll tax imposed on non-Muslims during various periods of Islamic rule in India. It was reintroduced by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1679. • Aurangzeb, known for his orthodox policies, reinstated the tax as part of his effort to promote Islamic practices and ensure the supremacy of Islam in his empire. • Jizya was collected annually from non-Muslim adult males who were not engaged in military service. In return, they were granted protection by the state and exemption from military duties. • During Akbar’s reign, Jizya was abolished as part of his policy of religious tolerance. However, Aurangzeb’s decision to reimpose it marked a departure from his predecessors' inclusive policies. • The imposition of Jizya was met with widespread discontent among non-Muslim communities, contributing to opposition against Aurangzeb's rule. Related Concepts: • Babur • Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India after his victory in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. • He did not impose Jizya during his rule and is known for his military prowess and establishing Mughal rule in northern India. • Babur is also remembered for introducing Persian culture, art, and architecture in India. • Humayun • Humayun was the second Mughal emperor who faced challenges in maintaining his rule due to opposition from Afghan and Rajput rulers. • He did not impose Jizya and is remembered for his struggles to regain the throne after being overthrown by Sher Shah Suri. • Humayun’s reign was marked by his return to power with Persian assistance and the introduction of Persian influence in Mughal culture. • Akbar • Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, abolished Jizya in 1564 as part of his policy of Sulh-i-Kul (universal tolerance). • His reign is known for promoting religious harmony and cultural integration between Hindus and Muslims. • Akbar’s policies, including the abolition of Jizya, were instrumental in strengthening the unity of his vast empire. • Jizya Tax • Jizya was a significant source of revenue for Islamic rulers but was also a symbol of religious discrimination. • While it provided state protection to non-Muslims, its imposition often led to resentment and uprisings. • Its reintroduction by Aurangzeb marked a shift towards orthodox Islamic policies that alienated many subjects and weakened Mughal authority.