The correct answer is Surat Session. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • The Surat Session of the Indian National Congress took place in 1907, marking a significant event in India's freedom struggle. • This session led to a split between Moderates and Extremists in the Congress. • The division occurred due to ideological differences—Moderates believed in constitutional reforms, while Extremists advocated for more aggressive measures like boycotts and Swadeshi movements. • Prominent leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale represented the Moderates, whereas Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Lala Lajpat Rai led the Extremists. • The split weakened the Congress for some years but also reflected the growing intensity of the nationalist movement in India. Related Concepts: • Arrival of Simon Commission (1928): • The Simon Commission was a group of British parliamentarians sent to India to recommend constitutional reforms. • It was boycotted by Indians as it did not include any Indian members. The slogan "Simon Go Back" became popular during protests. • The commission's arrival significantly fueled the demand for Purna Swaraj (complete independence). • Partition of Bengal (1905): • Initiated by Lord Curzon, the partition aimed to divide Bengal into East Bengal (majority Muslims) and West Bengal (majority Hindus). • This move was perceived as an attempt to create communal divisions and weaken the growing nationalist movement. • The partition led to massive protests, the Swadeshi Movement, and the eventual annulment of the partition in 1911. • Formation of the Muslim League (1906): • The Muslim League was founded in Dhaka to promote the political interests of Muslims in India. • It later played a crucial role in the demand for Pakistan and the eventual partition of India in 1947. • Initially, the League supported British rule and sought to protect Muslim rights within the Indian framework.