The Correct Answer is : 4) Rowlatt Act Explanation & Key Takeaways: • Mahatma Gandhi launched a nationwide Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act in 1919. • The Rowlatt Act was officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919. The Act was named after the British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt, who headed the committee that created it. • The Act permitted certain political cases to be tried without juries and allowed internments of suspects without trial. This piece of legislation essentially gave the British colonial authorities in India the power to deal with revolutionary activities by curtailing civil liberties. • The Rowlatt Act was vehemently opposed by Indians as it was considered as an instance of despotic rule and infringement of civil rights, being infamously termed as the "Black Act" by them. • Mahatma Gandhi, at the forefront of the Indian National Congress and Indian freedom struggle, initiated a nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Act, which was one of his first organized acts of nationwide civil disobedience against British rule. • The Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act marked the transformation of the Indian National Movement from being a middle-class, elitist movement to a mass movement. Large numbers of Indians responded to Gandhi's call for a nationwide hartal (strike) on April 6, 1919. • The protest against the Act led to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, where Brigadier General Dyer ordered the firing upon an unarmed gathering, leading to the death of many innocent people. • The nationwide protests and the unfortunate Jallianwala Bagh tragedy put pressure on the British government, and the Rowlatt Act was eventually repealed in March 1922.