The correct answer is They are non-justiciable guidelines that aim to establish a just society.. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution of India, covering Articles 36 to 51. These principles are intended to be the fundamental goals that the State must strive to achieve while formulating policies and enacting laws. • Article 37 of the Constitution explicitly declares that these principles are not enforceable by any court, which makes them non-justiciable in nature. This distinguishes them from Fundamental Rights, which can be legally enforced if violated. Hence, statement 3 is correct. • The primary objective of the DPSP is to establish social and economic democracy and transform India into a Welfare State. They direct the State to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by social, economic, and political justice. • Since the DPSP are non-justiciable, no citizen can approach the Supreme Court or High Courts through writ petitions (under Article 32 or Article 226) to demand their implementation. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect. • Unlike Fundamental Rights (Part III), which are legally enforceable, the DPSP are moral obligations and political directives for the government. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect. • The DPSP are not absolute and can be amended by the Parliament of India. Significant amendments include the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 (which added Articles 39A, 43A, and 48A) and the 97th Amendment Act of 2011 (which added Article 43B). Hence, statement 4 is incorrect. Related Concepts: • Origins and Classification: • Source: The concept of DPSP was borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937. • Socialistic Principles: These aim at providing social and economic justice, such as Article 39 (Equal pay for equal work) and Article 41 (Right to work and education). • Gandhian Principles: These represent the program of reconstruction enunciated by Mahatma Gandhi, including Article 40 (Organization of village panchayats) and Article 47 (Prohibition of intoxicating drinks). • Liberal-Intellectual Principles: These reflect the ideology of liberalism, such as Article 44 (Uniform Civil Code) and Article 50 (Separation of judiciary from executive). • Critical Jurisprudence: In the Minerva Mills Case (1980), the Supreme Court held that the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.