The correct answer is Only a and c. Explanation & Key Takeaways: Factors on which Productivity in Indian agriculture Technological Factors • Technological factors have played a significant role not only in overcoming environmental constraints but introducing new changes and developments in agriculture. • These factors include irrigation, fertilizers, a high-yielding variety of seeds, insecticides/pesticides, farm machinery, financial institutions, etc. • It is because of these factors that the previous dependence on one crop farming to double cropping has been replaced by multiple cropping patterns • The country has been able to become self-sufficient in the matter of food grains due to the development of Technological Factors Institutional Factors • Institutional factors like Land tenure, land tenancy, size of the landholdings, size of fields, and land reforms affect the productivity of Indian agriculture • The average size of landholding has been continuously decreasing on account of an increasing number of landholders From an average of 2.28 hectares in 1970-71, it went down to 1.15 hectares in 2010-11. • In India, More than 82 percent of the farmers belong to the small and marginal farmers category and these farmers have less than 2 hectares of land (GOI, 2011). Related Concepts: Determinants of Agriculture • The agricultural practices, cropping patterns, and productivity is closely determined by the geo-climatic, socioeconomic, and cultural-political factors. • In fact, the agriculture of any region is influenced by the following factors: • Physical factors: Terrain, topography, climate, and soil. • Infrastructural factors: Irrigation, electricity, roads, credit and marketing, storage, facilities, crop insurance, and research. • These factors individually and collectively have their impact on the cropping patterns and on the level of agricultural development and yield of crops in a region.